TDA-IME Project Final Report June, 2013 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 4 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................... 8 SECTION 1 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction to the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Project ............................................ 10 Project Rationale ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Findings during the Inception Phase ............................................................................................................... 15 Geographical Scope of the Project .................................................................................................................. 15 Definition of Mangroves Applied in the Project .............................................................................................. 16 Methodology and Process of the Analysis ...................................................................................................... 20 Relevance of the Approach .......................................................................................................................... 21 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 22 SECTION 2 ................................................................................................................................... 25 Description of the Indochina Mangrove Ecosystems .............................................................. 25 Physical and Hydrological Features ................................................................................................................. 25 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 25 Mangrove Setting ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Climate and mangroves ............................................................................................................................... 26 Sea Level Variability ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Threats and Transboundary Issues .............................................................................................................. 28 Biological and Ecological Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 29 Mangrove Flora ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Phenology .................................................................................................................................................... 32 Coastal Protection ....................................................................................................................................... 33 The Role of Mangrove Roots ....................................................................................................................... 34 Forest Biomass, Growth and Carbon Storage ............................................................................................. 35 Mangrove Fauna ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Crustaceans and Molluscs ........................................................................................................................... 35 Other Benthic Fauna .................................................................................................................................... 38 Insects and Spiders ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals ................................................................................................. 39 Migratory Species ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Fish and Zooplankton .................................................................................................................................. 41 Mangrove - Fisheries Linkages .................................................................................................................... 42 Socio-economic and Development Aspects .................................................................................................... 44 Policy and Institutional Settings ...................................................................................................................... 52 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 53 SECTION 3 ................................................................................................................................... 57 Major Transboundary Issues and Problems ............................................................................. 57 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 57 Root Cause Analysis of Key Issues ................................................................................................................... 58 Mangrove Conversion .................................................................................................................................. 58 Mangrove Degradation ............................................................................................................................... 58 Scientific Research and Knowledge Management ...................................................................................... 59 Mangroves and Climate Change ...................................................................................................................... 61 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Vulnerability and Resilience of Mangrove Ecosystems................................................................................ 62 2
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Indochina Mangrove Ecosystems
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