TDA-IME Project Final Report June, 2013 invertebrate groups form an important link between mangrove detritus at the base of the mangrove food web and consumers at higher trophic levels, which include mammals, birds and commercial fish species (Macintosh, 1984). Macrofauna also modify the mangrove’s physical, chemical and vegetation characteristics through their burrowing activities (Havanond and Aksornkoae, 1989; Smith et al., 1991) and by grazing on propagules, leaves and wood (Berry, 1972; Smith, 1987). Thus they play an important role in the ecological functioning of the mangrove ecosystem (Lee, 1998, 1999). TABLE 9: Mangrove fauna species at risk in Indochina and the Indo-Pacific Region. 36 Species Common name Status Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile Vulnerable; protected within reserves-India and Malaysia; collecting prohibited-Australia, India, Sri Lanka Ardea cinerea Grey heron Endangered-Malaysia Egretta alba Great egret Endangered-Malaysia and Puerto Rico Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser adjutant stork Vulnerable-S and SE Asia Mycteria cinerea Milky stork Vulnerable-SE Asia, protected within a reserve on Pulau Dua off western Java; collecting prohibited in Malaysia except by aborigines Pitta megarhyncha Mangrove pitta Near threatened-Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand Platalea minor Black-faced spoonbill Endangered-Russia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Viet Nam and Taiwan Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Near threatened-S and SE Asia, Protected within reserves-Malaysia Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey Endangered-Found only in Borneo; protected within reserves Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran tiger Critically endangered-found only in Sumatra; collecting prohibited Panthera tigris tigris Bengal tiger Endangered-protected within reserves in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma and Nepal Presbytis femoralis Banded langur Near threatened-SE Asia Pteropus vampyrus Malaysian flying fox Protected within reserves in Malaysia Dugong dugon Dugong Vulnerable: Dugong is declining or extinct in at least a third of its range; of unknown status in about half its range; possibly stable in the remainder – Australia. Native: Indian Ocean–eastern; Indian Ocean–western; Pacific– northwest; Pacific– western central Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Mangrove horseshoe crab Data Deficient: Native: India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand Tachypleus gigas Giant horseshoe crab Data Deficient: Native: India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand Tachypleus tridentatus Tri-spined Horseshoe Crab Data Deficient: Native: China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Philippines; Taiwan; Viet Nam SOURCE: http://www.redlist.org - IUCN (2012): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2012 (accessed 01.04.2013). The most abundant and diverse mangrove crustaceans are the brachyuran crabs, which are dominated by the families Grapsidae and Ocypodidae. Grapsid crabs feed at low tide predominantly on fallen mangrove leaves and fruits; they also scrape the epiphytic algae from the surface of mangrove roots, trunks or branches and some clamber onto tree branches to eat live leaves. At high tide they avoid predators like fish by retreating into burrows. The subfamily Sesarminae, particularly the genus Sesarma is the most important in species number and abundance. The Sesarma species closely resemble each other in morphology and therefore the taxonomy is complex and confusing, particularly in Southeast
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Indochina Mangrove Ecosystems
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