TDA-IME Project Final Report June, 2013 TABLE 13: Governance types from the IUCN protected area matrix (Dudley, 2008; Borrini- Feyerabend, 2010). 74 Governance by government Shared governance1 Private governance3 Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities Federal or national ministry or agency in charge of management Sub-national ministry or agency in charge of management Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO) Transboundary management2 Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence) Joint management (pluralist management board) Declared and run by individual land-owner …by non-profit organizations (e.g. NGOs, universities, cooperatives) …by for profit organizations (e.g. individual or corporate land-owners ) Indigenous territories and conserved areas – declared and run by indigenous peoples Community conserved areas, declared and run by local communities 1 Shared governance also referred to as co-management. 2 A particular form of shared governance concerns transboundary areas and natural resources (e.g. water bodies, migrating fauna, fisheries), which involve at least two or more governments and possibly several other local actors. 3 Land and natural resources that are under individual, NGO or corporate control or ownership. Co-management, in the context of protection and sustainable natural resource management of mangrove forests, can be described as a partnership agreement in which a resource user group obtains the right to sustainably use natural resources on a defined area of state-owned land with Protected Forest status, while being responsible for the sustainable management and protection of those resources. All stakeholders share the responsibility and authority for the management of a given area and a defined set of natural resources. To make this work in practice, resource users and local authorities jointly negotiate a formal agreement on their respective management roles, responsibilities and rights. Co-management can be achieved through a process of negotiation where representatives of governments, communities and other actors meet, exchange their views, find an accord about aims and solutions and develop a formal co-management agreement about sharing authority, responsibility and accountability regarding the area and natural resources at stake. A shared governance arrangement will ensure that stakeholders not only deal with technical and practical matters when implementing the agreement (what to do about the natural resources at stake), but also about decision-making processes and institutional issues. The co-management process and guiding principles The co-management process can be described in three main phases: 1) organizing for the partnership; 2) negotiating co-management plans and agreements; implementing and 3) revising the plans and agreements: “learning-by-doing” (Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2004), or adaptive management. The following key conditions are a prerequisite for carrying out the co-management process: 1. All stakeholders (from provincial to village level) must support joint governance and adaptive management. 2. All stakeholders understand that, through the participatory process and an agreement, the co-management group must get the right to manage mangroves jointly with relevant local authorities without the need for landownership.
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Indochina Mangrove Ecosystems
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