show that even relatively small mangrove protected areas like SIEP have an important place in biodiversity banking. When such discoveries occur in relatively small protected areas like SIEP which themselves are located within globally importantly biodiversity hotspots like Thailand, the significance of SIEP is magnified. Subtle or covert biodiversity can be hard to find in mangrove ecosystems that are often dominated by one or a few tree species. This is the case in Florida (USA) where Rhizophora mangle rules and hides a huge hidden non-tree biodiversity of ~4,000 insect species (Wilson & Simberloff, 1969 In: Molles, 2016). Part of the covert biodiversity of which this impressive non-tree animal biodiversity is an example, lies in the bio-complexity associated with such mangrove morphology as tangled root architecture. These complex forms furnish complex habitats over microgeographic scales. This covert (hidden) unexpected and impressive mangrove ecosystem biodiversity was also highlighted for Singapore’s mangrove mudflats by Tan (2016). Here mangrove tree and shrub biodiversity is low yet. Tan reports from the Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity of Singapore (CMBS) five year study, an outstandingly diverse mud fauna. Perhaps the most attractive (in terms of research grants from industry) and exciting (in terms of Health science) covert mangrove biodiversity comes from their importance to medicine and pharmacy. The bioactive and biomedically important compounds so far identified from mangroves invites much more work to extend the limited yet. encouraging findings to date. Following the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, some inspiring work was reported from Thailand (e.g. Homhual et. al., 2004 with Bruguiera gymnorrhiza). More recently, this theme has been kept in welcome focus by Baba et. al. (2016, a) with Xylocarpus granatum and Avicennia marina (Baba et. al., 2016, b) and Maxwell (2015) with mangrove species biodiversity generally. It is wise to mention that some of the potential values of mangrove bioactive products are very hidden and may e.g. lie within the subtle biochemistry of interactions between endophytes within a mangrove higher plant. The recent work by Zheng et. al., (2014) is an example of just how covert the biology may be. The Zheng group identified anti-proliferative metabolites from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp FJ-1 isolated from Avicennia marina. Several decades ago Maxwell (1968; 1971) demonstrated that the well-known plant destroyer, Phytophthora had limited pathogenic power with the New Zealand ecotype of Avicennia marina. Here we have an example of how both overt and covert levels of mangrove b i o d i v e r s i t y may c o m b i n e : f o r t h i s biogeograhically diverse mangrove, A. marina, has a wide spectrum of ecological tolerance and economic importance. It is time to broaden our perspectives and consider some more eco-physiological issues. III. WHAT MANGROVE SPECIES ARE THE MOST TOLERANT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE? 3.1 Essentially, this question asks mangrove ecologists, forests and managers to identify the mangroves best adapted to cope with climate change and its many ecological consequences. 3.2 As mentioned above, the big challenge facing mangrove science today is that of mangrove eco-restoration: perhaps the most appropriate paradigm for the 21st Century Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the 73 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand
Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Sustainable Development Goals : Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016 at the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand
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