Table 1 Specific surface area, average pore diameter and total pore volume of typical samples prepared under different hydrothermal treating conditions *HT = water hyacinth treated hydrothermally (hydro-char) C = HT carbonized at 900°C Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the 149 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand Sample BET of carbonized hydro-char Specific surface area (m2/g) Average pore diameter (nm) Total pore volume (cm3/g) C-HT160 C 8 564.5 3.4 0.481 hours C-HT 180 C 635.8 2.8 0.437 8 hours C-HT 200C 8 hours 470.4 2.1 0.246 C-HT 220 C 8 hours 416.8 2.0 0.205 C-HT 180 C 4 hours 351.9 4.4 0.391 C-HT 180 C 12 hours 359.1 3.7 0.333 improved surface properties. Table 1 summarizes the BET analytical results including specific surface area, average pore diameter and total pore volume of each carbonized hydro-char sample. It was found that the hydro-char sample which was hydrothermally treated at 180 for 8 hours (C-HT 180°C, 8 hours) possesses the highest specific surface area of 635.8m2/g with average pore diameter of 2.8 nm. These characteristics would suggest that the carbonized hydro-char would have potential to be utilized as carbonaceous powder for fabricating electrodes because of its high specific surface area 8. Nevertheless, confirmation of their carbon content would be further conducted and discussed in the future. Therefore, this research attempt exhibit a potential of the conversion of water hyacinth by the hydrothermal carbonization method, as useful for ecosystem control activities by decreasing some environmental nuisance as well as providing functional carbonaceous material, which would support technical competency needs in the context of the SDGs. IV. CONCLUSIONS Hydrothermal treatment could be employed to convert dried water hyacinth powder to gas, liquid and solid products by hydrolysis which could break chemical bonds with in the cellulosic structure. Carbonization of hydrothermally treated hydro-char would further result in remarkable change of physicochemical properties, especially surface area of the carbonized hydro- char which would be confirmed by microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. Based on BET surface analyses, the carbonized hydro-char which was treated hydrothermally at 180°C for 8 hours could exert the best specific surface properties which would be appropriate for utilization as carbon electrodes. This contribution suggests that conversion of water hyacinth by the hydrothermal carbonization method would be useful for ecosystem control activities by reducing environmental nuisance associated with the invasive and explosive growth of this environmental problem. In addition, the method provides a high value-added carbonaceous material which would support technical competency needs in the context of the SDGs.
Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Sustainable Development Goals : Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016 at the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand
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