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Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Sustainable Development Goals : Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016 at the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand

(d) (e) (d) (e) (f) (g) (f) (g) Fig.2  SEM  micrographs  of  (a)  dried  water  hyacinth,  (b,  c,  d,  e)  water  hyacinth  treated  hydrothermally  at  160,  180,  200  and  220°C  for  8  hours,  (f  and  g)  water  hyacinth  treated  hydrothermally  180°C  for  4  and  12  hours 148 Proceedings  of  the  International  Conference  on  Climate  Change,  Biodiversity  and  Ecosystem  Services  for  the (g) (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) Sustainable  Development  Goals  (SDGs):  Policy  and  Practice  27-29  June  2016,  Cha-am,  Phetchaburi,  Thailand (g) (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) (a) Fig.3  FT-IRspectra  of  (a)  dried  water  hyacinth,  (b  to  e)  hydrothermally  treated  water  hyacinth  at  temperature  160,  180,  200  and  220°C  for  8  hours,  (f  and  g)  hydrothermally  treated  water  hyacinth  at  temperature  180°C  for  4  and  12  treatment  of  dried  water  hyacinth  powder  could   hours lead  to  conversion  of  cellulosic  content  due  to  the  hydrolysis  reaction  7.  Sevilla  and  Fuerters  reported  that  the  hydrolysis  of  cellulose  and  hemicelluloses  at  a  specific  temperature  above  210°C  would  result  in  formation  of  gas,  liquid  and  solid  products  9. Meanwhile,  other  previous  works  confirming  the  formation  hydrogen,  glucose  and  carbon  are  available  elsewhere  10,  12.  In  this  work,  only  the  solid  product  which  is  called  ‘hydro-char’  would  be  further  analyzed  and  discussed. For  confirmation  of  the  existence  of  functional  groups  attaching  on  the  surface  of  hydrothermally  treated  water  hyacinth  powder  or  hydro-char,  FT-IR  analyses  of  those  solid  products  were  carried  out.  FT-IR  spectra  of  carbonaceous  samples  depicted  in  Fig.3  clearly  suggest  that  functional  groups  of  hydro- char  are  different  from  those  of  originally  dried  water  hyacinth.  Distinctive  bands  at  wave  number  of  3700-3000  cm-1  are  attributed – OH  stretching  vibration  9,  10.  The  3500-2850  cm-1  bands  were  attributed  to  the  presence  of  – CH  vibration  whereas  the  1700  cm-1  band  would  suggest  the  presence  of  C=O  group  on  the  surface  of  each  sample.  The  appearance  of  the  1650  and  1200-950  cm-1bands  would  confirm  the  presence  of  C=C  in  aromatic  ring  of  lignin  and  C-O  in  ester  or  ether,  respectively  10.  Based  on  comparison  of  these  FT-IR  spectra,  it  could  be  noted  that  an  increase  in  the  treating  temperature  and  treating  time  could  result  in  drastic  change  in  the  presence  of  functional  groups  on  the  surface  of  hydro- char  samples. With  an  ultimate  purpose  for  usage  as  electrode  materials,  all  of  hydro-char  were  further  carbonized  for  removing  un-desired  contents  of  hydrogen,  oxygen  and  other  constituents.  Because  of  the  removal  of  some  impurities,  the  carbonized  hydro-char  would  possess  a  higher  content  of  carbon  with  a  higher  purity  and 


Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Sustainable Development Goals : Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016 at the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand
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