ISSN 1880-7682 Volume 18, No. 1 November 2020 ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal (ISSN 1880-7682) is published by International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME). Available on-line at http://www.glomis.com. Headquarters: c/o Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0129 Japan. 6 On the forest floor, pneumatophores or aerial roots are densely developed (Figure 3). The soft and muddy substrate with silty clay is conducive to the production of many pneumatophores which are spongy, greyishbrown in colour and 5–70 cm in height. The leaves are compound bearing 6‒8 leaflets (Figure 3). Lamina of leaflets are slightly asymmetrical and elliptic with a rounded apex. Overall, the leaves do not have obvious signs of halophytic tendencies such as shiny cuticle or succulence. Figure 3 Pneumatophores (top) and leaves (bottom) of Aglaia cucullata. Our extensive field experience in the context of mud lobster and mangrove succession (Havanond, 2000) shows that A. cucullata is a back-mangrove species in the Ranong mangrove forest, a 48,000- hectare proposed World Heritage mangrove forest. Field reconnaissance by the first author conducted as part of the work reported in this paper gave further support to our assessment. Water salinities at this inner forest site are normally low, being in the range of 5‒10 ppt, with a mean close to 5 ppt. The low salinity is maintained by two core factors: distance from the open sea and proximity to fresh water from the Kraburi River. Nutrients from soils within the hilly catchment of the Kraburi River are delivered to this inner, ecotone habitat where A. cucullata is able to display growth that mirrors its biological potential. At the site, the sea water tidal inundation takes time to reach the habitat and inundation does not stay long before the tide retreats allowing river water to flush out. Thus, a combination of low salinity, good supply of fresh water and nutrient-rich run-off from the hilly terrain of the Kraburi River hinterland has created an ecological regime which helps the grove of A. cucullata to grow well under almost pristine conditions. In the World Atlas of Mangroves, the geographical distribution of A. cucullata in countries of Asia are India and Malaysia (Spalding et al., 2010). A more recent publication on mangrove biogeography of the Indo-Pacific including A. cucullata has reported India and Bangladesh in South Asia, and Myanmar, Malaysia and Indonesia in Southeast Asia (Saenger et al., 2019). This report on a natural population of A. cucullata in the mangroves of Ranong is therefore the first record for Thailand.
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