IV. DISCUSSION Land use policy recently developed in 2016 is expected to be a tool to minimize deforestation and conversion of forest to other land use. There is significant mangrove deforestation at a rate of 72,003.77 ha/yr even though analyzed data variation are observed among different researchers, JAFTA, FAO, and FD. Two main drivers, anthropogenic and natural actions, on mangrove deforestation are observed. Anthropogenic actions includes population pressure; increasing from 28.91 million in 1973 to 35.31 million in 1983 and 51.49 million of 10,877,832 households in 2014 (Department of Population, 2015), limited job opportunity, increasing community needs on forest products such as wood, pole, post, for construction, different aquatic animals such as fish, shrimp, crab, medicinal plants, and low income of community, land conversion (both illegal & legal), are all observed. In the context of natural actions, Cyclone Nargis among 11 cyclones within 126 years is observed as most destructive natural disasters on both community and mangrove ecosystem in Myanmar. Illegal conversion of mangrove into agriculture land and cutting trees is more significant issues than climate change impacts even though there are forest law, rules, and policy. Weakness in law enforcement, limited quantity, capacity, and facility of human resource and institution; overlapping or not clear items among sectoral policy, laws, and rules, and too few of researches on mangrove ecosystem, coastal ecosystem are identified as potential barriers in mitigating process of mangrove deforestation. To fulfill the needs of people is one of 6 categories of Myanmar forest policy but people demand is exceeding the potential supply of mangrove ecosystem and government support through a milling and marketing service of Myanmar Timber Enterprise (MTE). There are also weaknesses in law enforcement due to insufficient human resources capacity and quantity, lack of logistic support or facility for patrolling among mangrove, weakness of policy concern on mangrove ecosystem and its vulnerability. Laws, rules, and regulation exist but policing is a concern. Community Forest Instruction (CFI) is technically sound but it is filled with risky issues of legislation, socio- economy, management, communities, and institutional constraints in development of CF. After CF certificates were issued as confirmed by the results of semi-structured interview and self-experience. It is clear that Myanmar needs clear and strong legal framework followed by enhancing institutions, collaboration, raising awareness, alternative job opportunities, to protect mangrove taking into account data from FAO, FD, and other available technical data. V. CONCLUSION Myanma r has s y s temati c f o r e s t management known as sustainable forest management plan (SFM) and institutional arrangement but mangrove degradation and deforestation are still ongoing and are a complicated issue. Due to construction of massive bunds, excessive land reclamation for agriculture and aquaculture, tree cutting for timber, fuel wood and charcoal production on a commercial scale, 10 out of 13 unreserved and reserved forests in the Ayeyarwaddy Delta Coastal Zone have been converted into agricultural land, shrimp pond and settlements. To fulfill the needs of people it should be considered by the MONREC in alternative ways including CF establishment. The ministry should try to strengthen law enforcement, human resources capacity and quantity, logistic support or facility for patrolling among mangrove through coordination with ministries concerned and international technical and financial support. Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the 97 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand
Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Sustainable Development Goals : Policy and Practice 27-29 June 2016 at the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park, Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand
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